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Sobekneferou and Her Legacy
Women in ancient Egypt held titles that could range from ''Mistress of the House'' to ''King''. As history shows, women in ancient Egypt could rule as active pharaoh, and as ridiculous as it sounded to them back then, it wasn’t exactly impossible. The book ''Hatshepsut: From Queen To Pharaoh''〔http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Hatshepsut_From_Queen_to_Pharaoh〕 focuses on Hatshepsut’s reign, and as powerful as that queen was, there were other women who deserve the same recognition such as Meresankh (wife of Djedkare Izezi), Nitocris (end of sixth dynasty), Sobekneferu (daughter of Amenemhat III), Twosret (end of nineteenth dynasty), and the famous Cleopatra VII who also ruled as kings. Other famous queens such as Nefertiti, Nefertari, and Tiye were also quite relevant during their time.
So the women who ruled as pharaohs, and so identified with the dominant male persona, were respected but what about the women who identified with their feminine selves, did they have it just as good? The most famous title for non-royal, elite women was ''Mistress of the House'' and while women were stereotypically expected to be child bearers and mothers, their roles were not limited to just that. Women played important roles in the household, in society and even in power, but more often than not they’re depicted as subordinate. They’re never as important as the father or the son.
== Women As Pharaoh ==
In ancient Egypt, the ruling king was conventionally male. However, along came a few exceptional women who took it to breaking the societal routine, among them was Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmose I and sister to Thutmose II, whom she would later on marry. After her husband died with a young Thutmose III still not old enough to rule, Hatshepsut gained power and declared herself pharaoh. She was one of the most powerful women in ancient Egyptian history, with her quite impressive temple at Deir El Bahri. Among Hatshepsut’s accomplishments was her expedition to Punt.〔http://www.ethiopianhistory.com/images/punt.jpg〕 Thutmose III grew older and sought back his seemingly rightful throne. Thutmose III and Hatshepsut ruled together and her metamorphosis began from female depiction to male depiction. Her statues started showing male features. Thutmose III and Hatshepsut looked like male twins, distinguished only by position in which Hatshepsut took precedence. Two decades after her death, Thutmose III began destroying every memory of her existence.〔http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Hatshepsut_From_Queen_to_Pharaoh〕 Some theories suggest that the remnants of a female rule caused so much complication that all evidence of it was best erased. However, alternate explanations link back to Thutmose III’s son, Amenhotep II whose kingship would only be legitimized if all evidence of Hatshepsut’s reign had been erased. Whatever the reason behind her disappearance, there’s no denying that a female reign was quite a controversial issue even in ancient Egypt, a culture known for the rights and freedoms that women enjoyed. Other women who ruled as king were Meresankh, Nitocris, Sobekneferu, Twosret, and the famous Cleopatra VII. Nitocris, daughter of Pepi II (though her existence is questionable), was known as the queen who invited the murderers of her brother for a banquet then locked them up and flooded the room.〔http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Hatshepsut_From_Queen_to_Pharaoh〕 Sobekneferu, daughter of Amenemhat III, was the first known female Egyptian ruler. It is assumed that she was married to her brother Amenemhat IV and took on the throne after his death as the final king of the Twelfth Dynasty. She is thought of as the model for Hatshepsut's co-regency as well as making it possible for women to combine female dress with that of a king. Not much is known about her since all remaining monuments of her are damaged.〔http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Hatshepsut_From_Queen_to_Pharaoh〕 Cleopatra VII, a member of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, was the last active pharaoh of ancient Egypt. She ruled with her father and her brothers and then finally became sole ruler.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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